1.PARTS OF SPEECH

Building Blocks of Language

Parts of Speech are the basic categories into which words are divided according to their function in a sentence. Every English sentence is built using these word groups.

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1.1 Noun

A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, animal, or idea.

Uses

Nouns are used to name:

• persons: teacher, student, mother
• places: school, Kerala, park
• things: book, pen, chair
• animals: dog, elephant, bird
• ideas/feelings: honesty, love, happiness

Examples

1. The teacher entered the class.
2. Kozhikode is a beautiful city.
3. She bought a book.
4. Honesty is a great quality.

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1.2 Pronoun

A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.

Uses

Pronouns help us avoid repeating the same noun again and again.

Examples

• I, we, you, he, she, it, they
• me, us, him, her, them
• my, your, his, her, their

Example Sentences

1. Ravi is my friend. He is very kind.
2. Anu is reading. She likes stories.
3. The children are playing. They are happy.
4. This is my pen. It writes well.

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1.3 Verb

A verb is a word that shows an action, state, or possession.

Uses

Verbs tell us what the subject does or what the subject is.

Examples

• Action: run, write, eat, sing
• State: is, am, are, was, were
• Possession: have, has, had

Example Sentences

1. She writes neatly.
2. They play football.
3. He is a doctor.
4. I have a new bag.

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1.4 Adjective

An adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun.

Uses

Adjectives tell us more about quality, colour, size, number, or condition.

Examples

• Quality: good, kind, clever
• Colour: red, blue, green
• Size: big, small, tall
• Number: two, many, several

Example Sentences

1. She is a bright student.
2. I saw a red flower.
3. He lives in a big house.
4. There are five books on the table.

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1.5 Adverb

An adverb is a word that describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb.

Uses

Adverbs often tell us how, when, where, or how much something happens.

Examples

• How: slowly, quickly, carefully
• When: today, yesterday, now
• Where: here, there, everywhere
• How much: very, too, quite

Example Sentences

1. She sings beautifully.
2. He came yesterday.
3. The children are playing outside.
4. This lesson is very useful.

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1.6 Preposition

A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun/pronoun and another word in the sentence.

Uses

Prepositions usually show place, time, direction, or relationship.

Examples

• Place: in, on, under, behind
• Time: before, after, during
• Direction: to, into, from, towards

Example Sentences

1. The book is on the table.
2. The cat is under the chair.
3. She came before lunch.
4. He walked to school.

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1.7 Conjunction

A conjunction is a word that connects words, phrases, or sentences.

Uses

Conjunctions help join ideas smoothly.

Examples

• and, but, or, because, so, although, if

Example Sentences

1. Ravi and Rahim are friends.
2. She is poor but honest.
3. You may take tea or coffee.
4. He was absent because he was ill.

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1.8 Interjection

An interjection is a word or phrase that expresses sudden feeling or emotion.

Uses

Interjections express joy, surprise, sorrow, pain, excitement, or approval.

Examples

• Wow!
• Oh!
• Alas!
• Hurrah!
• Ouch!
• Bravo!

Example Sentences

1. Wow! What a beautiful painting!
2. Alas! The old man died.
3. Hurrah! We won the match.
4. Ouch! That hurt me.

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Quick Recap

Parts of Speech help us understand how words work in a sentence.

Noun names.
Pronoun replaces a noun.
Verb shows action or state.
Adjective describes a noun.
Adverb describes a verb/adjective/adverb.
Preposition shows relationship.
Conjunction connects.
Interjection expresses emotion.

GRAMMAR BASICS   1.PARTS OF SPEECH  2. SENTENCE STRUCTURE  3.TENSES
4.SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT  5.ARTICLES AND DETERMINERS
6.VOICE-ACTIVE & PASSIVE  7.DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
8.PUNCTUATION  9 CLAUSES & PHRASES  10.MODALS