6. Voice (Active & Passive)
Voice shows whether the subject performs the action or receives the action.
6.1 Active Voice
In active voice, the subject does the action.
Structure
👉 Subject + Verb + Object
Examples
- Ram wrote a letter.
- She reads a book.
- They completed the work.
- The teacher teaches the lesson.
6.2 Passive Voice
In passive voice, the subject receives the action.
Structure
👉 Object + form of “be” + past participle + (by + subject)
Examples
- A letter was written by Ram.
- A book is read by her.
- The work was completed by them.
- The lesson is taught by the teacher.
6.3 When to Use Passive Voice
-
When the doer is unknown
👉 The window was broken. -
When the doer is not important
👉 The work is completed. -
When the focus is on the action
👉 The results were announced.
6.4 Rules for Changing Active to Passive
Rule 1: Object becomes Subject
👉 Active: She wrote a letter.
👉 Passive: A letter was written by her.
Rule 2: Use correct form of “be”
👉 is, am, are, was, were, will be, has been, etc.
Rule 3: Use Past Participle (V3)
👉 write → written
👉 eat → eaten
👉 do → done
Rule 4: Add “by + doer” (optional)
👉 Sometimes we omit the doer
- The work was completed. (no “by”)
- The work was completed by Ravi. (with “by”)
6.5 Tense-wise Examples
| Tense | Active Voice | Passive Voice |
|---|---|---|
| Present | She writes a letter | A letter is written by her |
| Past | She wrote a letter | A letter was written by her |
| Future | She will write a letter | A letter will be written by her |
6.6 Common Errors
❌ A letter was wrote by her.
✔ A letter was written by her.
❌ The work is complete by him.
✔ The work is completed by him.
Quick Recap
- Active → subject does the action
- Passive → subject receives the action
- Use be + V3 in passive
Simple Memory Tip
👉 Active = Doer important
👉 Passive = Action important
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